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Website: Reference. Website: Youtube. Category : Use in in a sentence. How Is Crude Oil Formed? Petro Online. Throughout their lives, these organisms absorbed sunlight and the energy transmitted by it, which they unwittingly stored in their bodies in the form of carbon molecules. Website: Petro-online. Fee invoiced May For Used Oil Transporters Only.
Website: Tn. Category : Use and in a sentence. Secrets of form oil Concrete form oil introduction YouTube. Form oil is used on the surface of formwork to keep the concrete f. Category : Use of in a sentence. Oil and petroleum products explained U. Petroleum products are fuels made from crude oil and hydrocarbons contained in natural gas. Petroleum products can also be made from coal, natural gas, and biomass.
Website: Eia. Website: Emnrd. What makes coal and oil? Human World EarthSky. Posted by. January 17, Both coal and oil are fossil fuels. Website: Earthsky. Use of oil U. Biofuels are also used as petroleum products, mainly in mixtures with gasoline and diesel fuel.. Petroleum has historically been the largest major energy source for total annual U. We use petroleum products to propel vehicles, to heat. Has , Historically , Heat. Shuttering oil is also known as a form or mould release agent.
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Many people today, including scientists, have the idea that oil and natural gas must take a long time to form , even millions of years. Such is the strong mental bias that has been generated by the prevailing evolutionary mindset of the scientific community.
Website: Creation. Category : Use can in a sentence. How , Have , Has. Some deposits were formed over million years ago, with the newest deposit being approximately formed over 50 million years ago. Crude oil was formed from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants and is therefore a fossil fuel. Website: Passmyexams. Website: Livescience. How Does Oil Form? Just Now The environmental effects of fossil fuels are taught as well.
Global warming, acid rain, and geoengineering all are in this part of the course. Part of their solution is too. Renewables follow, with clips on solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biofuels, etc. Website: Coursera. How are diamonds, oil, fossil fuels, and natural gas formed? About the Author: Eric Hovind. Eric Hovind grew up immersed in the world of apologetics and following college graduation in , he began full-time ministry.
He lives in Pensacola, Florida with his wife Tanya and three children and remains excited about the tremendous opportunity to lead an apologetics ministry in the war against evolution and humanism. Learn How. Related Posts.
We will then examine some of the reservoirs that have been described above. Reconsideration of Wytch Farm. The authors emphasise that the explanation is hypothetical, and the number of questions raised by this explanation points to a need for a fundamental rethink along the lines advocated in this paper.
The problem is to explain how oil from the supposed source rock beneath the Bridport Sands in the south moved three miles to the north to enter Bridport and Sherwood sandstones. Furthermore, the sections of these sandstones between faults A and C are not oil-filled. The mechanism suggested for the filling of the two main sandstone sections of the Wytch Farm oil field are as follows. The details are from Selley and Stoneley :.
The red arrows indicate the inferred migration routes. He is clearly uncomfortable with secondary migration and the specific suggestions that he made with Stoneley in his earlier paper on Wytch Farm. A further point that strengthens the current argument that secondary migration of the envisaged form does not occur is that if the Underhill and Stoneley model were correct, then there is good reason to expect other pockets of oil in the area.
Gullfaks is a giant Norwegian reservoir over three billion barrels. With such a huge amount of oil that has supposedly migrated from the source rocks, the argument is if you accept the paradigm that oil is biogenic there must be other small accumulations of oil in the area. Larter and Horstad brought together the evidence. However, they claim that they can identify the keyholes that allowed oil to enter the reservoir by geochemical signatures of oil already in the reservoir.
This is done on the basis of looking for immature and mature pockets of oil. But the concept of immature and mature oil only arises through the a priori assumption that oil is biogenic. That paper thus proves nothing. We have briefly referred to the work of Jourdan et al on quartz overgrowths previously.
A later paper by Hogg, Selliers, and Jourdan provides additional data, specifically on the Alwyn reservoir. There are also a good selection of photographs some color and labelled diagrams.
The key points that the authors make is that the overgrowths indicate several different silica-rich pulses of fluids produced the overgrowths. One source of the silica-rich fluids is identified, and fluids are shown to have spread several kilometers to the north and west. Karlsen produced a poster display on fluid inclusion work at the conference on Geochemistry and Reservoir Engineering. No oil was found, but the sand grains showed fluid inclusions fig.
As a session chairman, Karlsen admitted that he had come to the conference hoping for some answers, but was going home with more problems than he had come with.
The paper covering the items in the poster presentation has now been published Karlsen et al It is a mammoth tome of over 60 pages. The following points are made:. In summary, we appear to have been presented with a series of facts and a forced interpretation based on an a priori assumption that oil is biogenic. The Troll field is a Norwegian gas reservoir. The fields are apparently filled to spill-point, and have a tilted oil-water contact implying active migration Goldsmith We need the biblical fast-Flood model.
An independent assessment of secondary migration. There are further problems that have since been identified concerning secondary migration. Oil has to enter the target reservoir when the reservoir is at shallow depth Wilson To that extent, the origin of oil has to be discussed alongside the question of the origin of the reservoirs. We shall return to this point later. Although timescales for secondary migration are not a specific problem for those who adopt an old-earth scenario, they are for those who believe that the age of the earth is less than 10, years.
The issue of timescales applies in several areas. No one has demonstrated primary migration, so we cannot put a timescale on that. On secondary migration and the way the oil equilibrates chemically in a typical reservoir, we can put timescales.
In the Danish chalk reservoirs, estimates have been made of how long it took to reach fluid equilibrium after emplacement. Recognizing that we have at most 10, years, the migration the authors proposed must be completely wrong. A similar problem is present in the Moretti paper, because she considers that there are millions of years available to charge reservoirs when there are not, otherwise they cannot be filled on the basis of the known hydraulic properties of faults.
Krauskopf and Bird , p. So at a biological level which is the essential test that determines whether the oil is of organic origin the two are not similar. Magnesium is a light metal essential to the chemistry of life whereas nickel and vanadium can be poisonous. Thus, innocuous statements that there is similarity between the structures of porphyrins from plants and the same substance in oil are insufficient to show that oil is of organic origin.
Should these statements ever be successfully challenged, there are still the other seven or so problems with the organic explanation for oil in reservoirs listed above which rule out on a sufficiency basis the idea that the bulk of oil has an organic origin. There are many references to coal being seen as a source rock for oil for example, Cornford, As far as the North Sea province is concerned, in the Carboniferous the coal beds are seen as the source of hydrocarbons in the gas fields of the southern North Sea Besley In the Brent province, the mid-Ness shale which separates the upper part from the lower part of many reservoirs contains coal sequences Morton et al Undoubtedly, samples of coal could, under controlled laboratory conditions, be turned into a partial set of hydrocarbons.
That is a necessary requirement, but not a sufficient condition, to sustain the argument that the bulk of oil is biogenic in origin. Ultimately, coal can be ruled out as the source rock for the bulk of hydrocarbons in proximity to coal beds on the basis of the problems described above with reference to the supposed clay, shale, and silt layers being source rocks.
The geochemistry does not have to be explored in detail when migration is a fundamental problem of getting hydrocarbons out of the source rocks and into the reservoirs. The other problem with suggesting that coal can be a source rock for oil is the question of the origin of the coal. The secular model is that coal is formed from organic matter in peat swamps over long periods of time.
Within a Flood geology paradigm, we simply do not have the years available, but they are not necessary if the coal beds formed within the Flood year from the destruction of pre-Flood vegetation. There appear to be too many subjective assumptions regarding the possibility that the bulk of oil is of a biogenic origin.
The idea that oil does not have a biological origin has been prevalent amongst Soviet block countries for perhaps the last years. The reason is that many of their oil and gas fields are either in metamorphic or igneous rocks, or seemed to have no biogenic source rocks beneath them because the basement rocks were crystalline. The idea has been promoted in the West more recently by Gold , Two things would have pointed him in this direction.
They promoted the idea that the universe is self-generating. It is then a short step to suggesting that hydrocarbons are self-generated. They pointed out that there is spectral evidence for hydrocarbons on astronomical bodies.
Second, Gold recognized that volcanoes discharge many complex molecules Gold, , and because these have no obvious biological origin, they must have been either primordial, or constructed from smaller primordial molecules in a process which he calls abiogenesis.
The fact that the geochemistry is not described in detail has made his theory difficult to accept in the West see for example, Cornford, , but the situation is not that simple, as shown by the summary of the Hedberg Conference by Katz, Mancini, and Kitchka Within the oil industry, some may argue that oil is of biogenic origin.
But the fact that we have shown that huge volumes of oil, supposedly the result of biogenic origin, cannot be explained in this way means that an alternative explanation for oil is needed. To that end the abiogenic origin must be considered, even if we do not end up with the details as Gold suggested.
As a very minimum, for an abiogenic model to be acceptable, we need to explain the missing alkanes below C15 which are not formed by biogenesis. Many of the problems with the biogenic model of the origin of oil do not occur in the abiogenic model:. The Geological Society memoir by Petford and McCaffrey is one useful source of information on the abiogenic model of the origin of oil. The memoir is principally about hydrocarbons in and around igneous rocks, rather than a detailed discussion of abiogenic hydrocarbons.
It is admitted by authors of key papers, such as Potter and Konnerup-Madsen , and Schutter , that some of the hydrocarbons in igneous rocks probably have a biogenic origin. To that extent they are not providing an explanation for the origin of oil at all, because they fail the sufficiency test—their requirement does not fit with the analysis that we have concluded previously.
At this part of our study, having rejected biogenic oil, we are therefore relying entirely on an abiogenic process to explain alkanes up to C15 and even-numbered ones thereafter. Schutter reviews many reservoirs that are supposed to have hydrocarbons in them that have an abiogenic origin.
He notes one giant reservoir in Java having over one billion barrels of oil in place. Potter and Konnerup-Madsen review the three common suggestions for explaining hydrocarbons by abiogenesis, though they admit that the true origin remains controversial. There is supplementary information by Schutter The following are the suggestions: Suggestion 1 allows the hydrocarbons to be primordial as on Jupiter or to be continuously produced by a Fisher-Tropsch process in the mantle.
A supply of hydrogen is needed, and the suggestion is made that this comes from the splitting of water. The reaction may be written. The suggestion is declared as invalid because of the disappointing results from the Siljan Ring well, and is also precluded by the estimated low temperatures and pressures of entrapment of fluid inclusions found. Suggestion 2 can be demonstrated in a ternary diagram with vertices C, O and H with specific temperature and pressure histories, but as to whether the history of rocks allowed this to happen to produce the particular distribution of alkanes that we cannot explain biogenically is an open question.
Suggestion 3 is the most favoured in the literature, but in view of the fact that this still requires a geological history that allows the Fisher-Tropsch process to occur, as if it were an industrial process with operators controlling the individual stages of the process, the suggestion remains contentious. There appear to be too many subjective assumptions regarding the possibility that the bulk of oil is of an abiogenic origin.
A few percent of certain low numbered alkanes may be of an abiogenic origin, but that is all. The two models that have been proposed have been based on an implicit assumption of naturalism. The danger that many people see if a non-naturalist explanation is allowed in science is that there are unattractive philosophical consequences Johnson , p.
Freedom to ignore a creator may be more important to scientists and engineers than to establish the truth about oil and gas. He puts the unthinkable into words and asks why we are giving answers to questions before asking what the question should be.
We have two major theories of the origin of life. In the first, we have a slow evolution of life due to natural selection Darwin However, the fossil record does not show slow changes, but rapid and punctuated changes. So there is available an alternative model to the origin of life, namely punctuated equilibrium. At the chemical level DNA we cannot explain rapid changes because of the complex inter-linking of genes, and the fact that mutations are generally harmful.
We have been offered an answer that a priori excludes anything other than naturalism. The remaining option is that life was directly created by an intelligent designer. Many have taken that route and accepted that, in view of the problems with Darwinism and its modern versions and punctuated equilibria, life was directly created by an intelligent designer. We need to apply this kind of thinking to oil and gas.
The American Association of Petroleum Geologists produces a technical Bulletin which generally contains articles on the geological origin of oil, and trying to trace the source rocks. In , a series of letters appeared, apparently prompted by a high-profile author criticizing creationism in an earlier article.
A number of creationists they appeared to be old-earth creationists wrote letters which were published , and these were interspersed by letters from anti-creationists. From my viewpoint in the U. In the U. We are considered to be no better than flat-earthers.
I took the plunge and wrote to the editor, pointing out that there was a fundamental practical point to the discussion which had not been addressed. If the origin of oil could not be explained by biogenesis or abiogenesis, then there was only one option left—creation. That letter was printed Matthews , but it brought the shutters down on the discussion. I found a similar conspiracy of silence in the U. I joined over thirty years ago when I was an old-earth creationist. The geology I was discovering as a petroleum specialist was bringing me into contact with real geology, as opposed to the sterilized geology in textbooks and journal articles which often deal only with facts that do not compromise naturalism.
There were many occasions when I put forward the view that the earth is young, life is created, and oil is also created.
No one ever put any structured counterarguments forward. To summarize, the fact that the two major suggestions for explaining the origin of oil have numerous problems suggests that we have to rationally examine the idea that oil is theobaric made by God.
This suggestion will be examined under scriptural and technical headings. In the process we need to ask where and when God made it. For a moment we consider the geology in the Bible. During the Creation Week, God created a mature earth. It remained relatively undisturbed until the Noachian Flood. The Garden of Eden had everything ready for its first occupants. There must have been mature plants and trees to supply food for immediate consumption.
There must also have been partially grown plants which Adam and Eve would have to tend in order to supply food for the days ahead. It would mirror the tree of life described in Revelation 22 which produces a new crop each calendar month. The need for harvesting and storage is then much reduced. In fact, Genesis talks about harvests being a feature of life only while earth remains.
We can only talk about these anthropomorphically, and further discussions are not germane to this note. Consider how we use the components of oil. Methane is the smallest hydrocarbon.
It is the main component of natural gas, which we use in our central heating. Ethane, which is number two in the sequence, is used for making the multi-purpose plastics. Propane and butane are next, and are valuable for portable heating because they are almost liquids under normal conditions. The next part of the alkane sequence are the hydrocarbons that make up petrol. Then comes diesel fuel, lubricating oil, and finally the asphaltenes. Each seems to have a purpose in life.
Even helium is valuable because of its use for welding, and as an additive for compressed-air diving. My thoughts are that God, in His bounty, made hydrocarbons to meet our specific needs. Although the molecules that make up the hydrocarbons are complex, 24 their complexity is miniscule compared with that of molecules such as DNA within living matter. So God would have no difficulty I speak anthropomorphically to avoid arguments that I am invoking God of the Gaps in making hydrocarbons.
The hydrocarbons are useful, not only as a fuel, but for their ability through changing the carbon bonds around in the refinery to be transformed into other conveniences of modern life, such as the plastics. Some kind of oil derivative was used by Noah to waterproof the Ark.
We also have to recognize that, in the pre-Flood landscape although we do not have detailed descriptions in the book of Genesis , we do know that a wide range of minerals were available for human use.
We read of gold, onyx, soil, 25 building materials for cities , 26 bronze and iron. The wide range of vegetation and the number of animal kinds also point to God who was liberal with his creative activity. So that although oil is not something simple see earlier , the idea of God directly creating oil is not unreasonable when compared with other aspects of the young-earth creationist model.
Although my ascribing the origin of oil to the direct creation of God is something new, the idea that minerals were already present on the earth and oil is one of many minerals as part of the rich diversity in creation has been made before, and therefore strengthens the case I am making.
Jones , considering the way science is taught, points out that there is no way in which science is neutral about origins. Whilst the following quote was written about cells, I consider that it is appropriate to oil. He says Jones , p. In a young-earth framework, the oil reservoirs that we now find were either deposited during the Noachian Flood Flood geology for short or formed after the Flood Recolonization geology. Either way, the oil that we now have access to was either:.
It would seem unusual for God to have created oil after the Flood. Whilst the Bible contains many examples of God actively creating new healthy limbs for example, in some of the miracles of the New Testament after the Creation Week, and oil though surely comparable to a plant derivative rather than what we get out of the ground for the Shunammite woman, that level of creativity is miniscule to what God did during the Creation Week.
It would therefore seem more likely that God created oil during the Creation Week. There is a technical issue that seems to confirm God creating oil in the Creation Week. Oil in known reservoirs seems to have entered from deeper positions in the earth Wilson We will examine the details later. In the Recolonization model of geology Bush , the bulk of the fossiliferous sediments are assumed to have been deposited after the Flood. For the fossiliferous sediments to have filled with oil only after the Flood, we have to accept that for all the tectonic activity during the Flood, oil was not released from the repositories that God placed it in during the Creation Week.
How the oil could then have been released from these even deeper repositories becomes a matter of unreasonable speculation. In addition, there are severe problems with the recolonization model of geology which we will briefly list.
Some of them are general issues, but some are specifically derived from the information supplied in this document. They are:. The most likely event that placed oil in the target reservoirs is the Flood. There are biblical and scientific reasons for this interpretation. We have suggested that oil was created by God in the beginning. What we have not discussed is the question where God put that oil. Noah had access to some of this oil, 27 but that is all we know.
The known evidence could be explained by suggesting that God created oil in deep primordial repositories during the Creation Week, and that it migrated upwards into present-day reservoirs during the Noachian Flood. During the Flood, the primordial repositories containing the hydrocarbons will have been breached and fluids released.
Provided that the sedimentation was rapid, both in respect to the porous rocks and the cap rock, then most of the hydrocarbons could be trapped at shallower depths than the primordial repositories. If sideways sedimentation occurred, then the trapping of oil by the process discovered by Berthault would have been even more effective, because cap rock and reservoir rock would have been deposited at the same time.
The author is not precluding the formation of oil reservoirs after day , since after day , in order to drain large tracts of land ready for rehabitation, significant tectonic events will have had to take place. We observe oil seeps for example, see fig. Some reservoir rocks will therefore have been deposited as a result of a Davisian type of sedimentation though on timescales unbelievably short for Davis and the hydrocarbons would have been released from lower temporary positions.
Paleo-oil is one example of this. Even more significant are the blowout pipes being observed as a result of improved seismic surveys, as will be discussed. Cause and effect is not always unravelled in geology. One exception is synsedimentary faulting. Faulting, if it takes place in a watery environment, will give rise to sedimentary activity. Material may be eroded from the footwall of a normal fault, and deposited in the basin created by the hanging wall.
Another example of a synchronous geo-event is when tectonic activity results in abnormal oil seeps at the surface. This is common in the fault zones on the western seaboard of the USA Sibson These separate cause and effects may be illustrated by Fig. What is not considered is whether all the three events are synchronous. The reality has to be that a single tectonic event could have the links shown in Fig.
Finally, if we reduce conventional timescales by 6 to 10 orders of magnitude, then the sedimentation is potentially fast enough to entrap the released oil.
We can then complete the diagram as Fig. In this scenario, oil will also have the potential for release into the environment. If the reservoir cap material is deposited in a matter of hours after the reservoir sediments, then the loss will be small, and some of the escaping oil will be entrained in the cap rock as in the Kimmeridge Clay.
Sideways sedimentation, as suggested by Berthault , would be an even more effective means of trapping oil. We briefly recap on the list of reservoirs described so far. The aim is to see how what we know about them fits in with the idea that theobaric oil moved into the reservoirs during short, though sometimes localized, bursts of sedimentary activity during the Noachian Flood.
Hydrocarbons within the cap rock shales and saltseals are a consequence, not of local generation of the hydrocarbons or of diffusion there is not enough time , but of hydrocarbons being intimately mixed with the cap-rock material while those materials are being deposited, and before they are sufficiently compacted to be impermeable. Capillary behavior 30 within the reservoir and the distribution of illite in the Magnus reservoir is explained see Matthews The high pressure of the Brae reservoir is now explained.
Sedimentation of the conglomerates to meters of it must have taken place within a matter of minutes to an hour or so. That sudden cessation of reservoir sediment 31 simply allows the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay to continue, trap some of the oil, and finally seal the Brae reservoir.
Such abrupt cessation of the conglomerate sediment supply does not tie naturally with the diagram in Harris and Fowler The Ekofisk and Magnus reservoirs support this same interpretation. But the oil was already in the reservoir.
Later he quotes diameters of m to 3 km, and heights up to 2. Readers are welcome to contact the author for more details, or discuss their own points. Gould came up with this idea of science and religion having their individual magisteria. Science and religion cannot be mixed. But the truth is that most people who object to the Bible do so, not on intellectual grounds, but because of its call to be obedient to the ways of God Lennox Furthermore, Jesus never seemed to divide life into the secular and the sacred.
After all, God does not try to prove His existence. He simply tells us that He is there. The science and the theology now form an impregnable position on the origin of oil. Theological objections have been raised against this point of view, with claims by Recolonization geologists that God would have surely destroyed everything so completely during the Flood that no evidence of it would remain. In answer to this objection there are several points:.
In terms of the science, we have shown that oil reservoirs must have been deposited and filled during the Flood. There are occasions when fossils including marine life are reported to have an oily smell. The claim is made that this supports the biogenic origin of oil, and may be inconsistent with the model described above. The human nose can identify a small number of individual smells, but not with sufficient precision to identify the alkane 15 which could have come from a biogenic oil from the alkane 14, which cannot be explained yet by biogenic methods.
If the oil entered the reservoirs whilst sedimentation was proceeding, perfectly impervious cap rocks could not have been present to ensure that no oil was lost to the environment. Just as today, seeps of oil occurred, so some loss of oil to the environment would have occurred during emplacement. In the case of certain petroleum reservoirs, there appears to have been more petroleum in the cap rocks than in the reservoirs.
Three mechanisms would have served to reduce the losses. First, there may have been a limited volume of oil released, governed by the physical size of the primordial repository. Second, the oil would have been migrating upwards into a rain of sediment downwards.
Third, the cap rocks could have arrived like a focal-plane shutter on a camera. Why, if God created the oil and then it moved during the Flood, did He allow so much waste of oil in the cap rocks that we cannot access?
We could as easily ask why God made so many galaxies. They have no effect on life now. Anderson, W. Wettability literature survey. Part 2: Wettability measurements. Journal of Petroleum Technology 48 11 — Barker, C. Thermal modelling of petroleum generation: Theory and applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Barnard, P. A review of geochemical data relating to the northwest European gas province. In Geological and geochemical studies of the northwest European continental shelf , special publication 12, pp.
London: The Geological Society. Hydrocarbon generation, migration, alteration, entrapment and mixing in the central and northern North Sea. In Petroleum migration , eds. England, and A. Fleet, special publication 59, pp. Berthault, G. Experiments on laminations of strata. Besley, B. In Petroleum geology of the North Sea , 4th ed. Glennie, pp. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
See also earlier editions. Bruce, R. Middleton, P. Holyland, D. Loewenthal, and I. Modelling of petroleum formation associated with heat transfer due to hydrodynamic processes. In Coalbed methane and oil generation from coal , eds.
Mastalerz, M. Glikson, and S. Golding, pp. Kluwer Academic: The Netherlands. Bush, W. Cartwright, J. The impact of 3D seismic data on the understanding of compaction, fluid flow and diagenesis in sedimentary basins. Journal of the Geological Society, London — Chilingar, G. Buryakovsky, N. Eremenko, and M. Geology and geochemistry of oil and gas. Collins, A. Properties of produced waters.
In Petroleum engineering handbook , ed. Bradley, chap. Richardson, Texas: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Cornford, C. Source rocks and hydrocarbons of the North Sea.
Craig, F. The reservoir engineering aspects of waterflooding , monograph, vol. Cubitt, J. England, and S. Larter, eds. Understanding petroleum reservoirs: Towards an integrated reservoir engineering and geochemical approach , special publication Cutts, P.
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